#### FORMATION OF ORGANIZATIONS:

In order to produce truly global standards the collaboration for both GSM and UMTS was expanded further from ETSI to encompass regional Standards Development Organizations such as ARIB and TTC from Japan, TTA from Korea, ATIS from North America and CCSA from China. 

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![3ggggg.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXu1CZCeZyn4QxELvdLCezGjm7er96QmAwpph6g7EYhbk/3ggggg.JPG)
[Source](https://itc.ua/news/3g-spuskaetsya-v-metro-kievstar-vodafone-i-lifecell-utverdili-tehzadanie-i-gotovyat-tender-dlya-podryadchika/)
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The successful creation of such a large and complex system specification required a well-structured organization. This gave birth to 3GPP and which worked under the observation of ITU-R. ITU-R is one of the sector of ITU, Its role is to:

<li>Manage the international radio-frequency spectrum. </li>
<li>Ensure the effective use of spectrum.</li>
<li>Defines technology families and allocate spectrum. </li>
<li>Proposed requirement for radio technology.</li>

#### 3G UPGRADATION:

The goal of UMTS or 3G wireless systems was to reach a minimum data rate of:
<li>2 Mbit/s : stationary or walking users </li>
<li>384 kbit/s : a moving vehicle</li>


<table>
<tr><td>UPGRADE</td><td>DESCRIPTION</td></tr>
<tr><td>R4</td><td>IP used efficiently </td></tr>
<tr><td>R5</td><td>Reduction in downlink delays</td></tr>
<tr><td>R6</td><td>Reduction in uplink delays</td></tr>
<tr><td>R7</td><td>MIMO integration</td></tr>
</table>

http://i.imgur.com/L7mIqhT.gif