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Today we will be studying about cross pollination. Cross pollination, typical of many garden plants, is carried out in several ways. Very often, plants have heterogeneous flowers, when some flowers contain only stamens and others contain pistils, such as corn and cucumber.

Some plants are characterized by an extreme form of such separation, when some of them form flowers only with stamens, others only with mortars (dioeciousness), for example, spinach, asparagus, holly.

Cross pollination leads to cross fertilization and an increase in the amount of genetic variation.


<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTtRNsJptCHBVQrbfegu1kLM7xaJ5BPygkw7KaCgQmtJL/image.png)
[Source](https://socratic.org/questions/briefly-explain-cross-pollination-and-self-pollination-using-appropriate-illustr)</center>
With cross-pollination, recombination of the inherited traits of paternal and maternal organisms occurs, and the resulting offspring can acquire new properties that the parents did not have. 

Such descendants are more viable. In nature, cross pollination is much more common than self-pollination.

## Cross pollination is carried out using several external factors:

### - Wind Dust.

<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcZwTZ7fzTH3UUuqCBB9Wac4FRBKc1x1Euo3B457JZCTq/image.png)
[Source](https://natureduca.com/botanica-organografia-la-reproduccion-05.php)</center>

In the plants pollinated by the wind, the flowers are small, with a poorly developed perianto, they are often collected in inflorescences, a lot of pollen is formed, it is dry, small, when the anther is opened, it is ejected strongly. The light pollen from these plants can be transported by the wind over distances of up to several hundred kilometers.

The anthers are found in long and thin threads. The stigmas of the pestle are wide or long, hairy and protrude from the flowers to better capture pollen. The winding is characteristic of almost all cereals, sedges.

## - Pollen transfer by insects.
<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXJLMzrp8tGocYtEexJ7NJ9DgectiqJWmErp4YBzU8HFc/image.png)
[Source](https://www.catalunyavanguardista.com/el-adn-revela-la-polinizacion-entre-continentes-por-insectos/)</center>

The adaptation of plants to insect pollination is the presence of sweet nectar, smell, color and size of flowers (large or bright individual flowers or inflorescences), tender and sticky pollen with excrescences.

Most flowers are bisexual, but pollen and pistil maturation does not occur simultaneously or stigmas are greater or less than the height of the anthers, which serves as protection against self-pollination. Insects, which have flown to a flower, are attracted to nectaries and anthers and obtain pollen during a meal. When an insect moves to another flower, the pollen grains it carries adhere to the stigmata.

## - Pollination by birds.
<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUa6yYVojgw4zTAMAzmwqMH9oDDUkm6PDKBFS37URV4oj/image.png)
[Source](https://www.aepjp.es/index.php/rincon-de-prensa/noticias/item/1451-aves-y-mamiferos-en-la-fiesta-de-la-polinizaci%C3%B3n-los-golosos-colibries)</center>

The flowers pollinated by birds emit abundant liquid nectar (in some species it was even filtered at the time of pollen maturation), however, its smell is weak, which develops with a poor development of smell in birds. But birds perceive colors well, so the color of most of the flowers they pollinate is catchy, usually yellow or red, such as in fuchsia, eucalyptus, many cacti and orchids.

Often, contrasting colors combine brightly in flowers: fire red with pure green or lilac black. Typically, such flowers are large or collected in powerful inflorescences, which is associated with the need to attract birds for their appearance and accommodate large amounts of nectar.

## - Pollination with water.
<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSbKuSgrDLNNDPumoo52u41hrh3z7MBCHd3dFkDCPdED6/image.png)
[Source](https://tendenzias.com/belleza/significados-tatuajes-de-flor-de-loto/)</center>

It is observed in aquatic plants. The pollen and stigma of these plants are usually filamentous.

 ## - Pollination with the help of animals.
<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXVAZ4HoZF67N6wjSJAR19rDucAx6adKDWUmewPPhaqhs/image.png)
[Source](https://cerebrodigital.org/post/Murcielagos-polinizadores-nocturnos-de-gran-importancia-ecologica)</center>

The flowers pollinated by bats are usually large, strong, produce a lot of nectar, soft color or often open only after sunset, since bats eat only at night.

Many of the flowers are tubular or have other structures to protect the nectar. In many plants that attract bats for pollination or propagation of seeds, flowers or fruits hang under the foliage, where bats are easier to fly or form in trunks.

Bats look for flowers, using their sense of smell, so the flowers are characterized by a strong smell of fermentation or fruit. These animals, flying from tree to tree, lick the nectar, eat parts of the flower and pollen, while transferring it in their wool from one plant to another.

## Reference:
[1](https://polinizadores.com/polinizacion/polinizacion-cruzada/) [2](https://polinizadores.com/polinizacion/tipos-de-polinizacion/)


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