In a field study by Simard, published in Nature magazine in 1997, carbonisation, nitrogen and water movements were monitored by radioisotope method between Douglas pine and birch tree.
![](https://s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com/dclick/image/devtech/1561918406512)
[Image](https://s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com/dclick/image/devtech/1561918406512)

When one tree was overshadowed by the other, it was seen that there was carbon-based sugar transfer from that other tree to the shadowed.

So instead of competing with each other for resources, it was proven that these two types of trees share the available resources through the cork network. In another study, Simard and his students showed that trees planted at a distance of 30 m were able to establish an interaction network of 250-300 trees in a forested area.

Other findings revealed that the trees had warned their neighbors about attacks of harmful vermin that were approaching the cork pathway.
![](https://s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com/dclick/image/devtech/1561918439891)
[Image](https://s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com/dclick/image/devtech/1561918439891)

When trees are attacked, they protect themselves against invaders by increasing the defense enzymes produced by the defense genes. According to the researchers, a tree in this state can also send chemical signals to its neighbors through the cork network, allowing them to prepare for this defense in advance.

---

#####  <sub> **Sponsored ( Powered by [dclick](https://www.dclick.io) )** </sub>
##### [MyDiceBot](https://api.dclick.io/v1/c?x=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJjIjoiZGV2dGVjaCIsInMiOiJkb3VnbGFzcGluZS0xNTYxOTE4NDgyNTk5IiwiYSI6WyJ0LTE5ODciXSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9teWRpY2Vib3QuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTYxOTE4NDgyLCJleHAiOjE4NzcyNzg0ODJ9.njUReb0109ue_YLPxe2TKF3HeYeKLzjJTokW6nHafsI)
<sup>The world's first cross-platform dice bot</sup>

👍 gierit, votes4minnows, trailmakers, trenz, fun2learn, nailyourhome, delegate4upvot, betterbiskuit, steem-ua, alessioalmon, cerriebatthe, onragornim, doeyorvine, arceopaje, ibertyckee, tonyagaines, nonajipope, xaaghiarporr, damnanald, bradleyjohnston, samelwoodward, eth4nks, amilaryan, finnianwan, hrafnagil, sharecross, meganhitehead, erynconner, selaeyrr, hiakirkpat, riquenoble, mishadillia, gloriawals, christiekaur, daniyalillarre, darenaney, ritaunderwood, farhanarks, walideloyd, maciswmur, bastianadams, hunt7ytle, almafoster, danyalcannon, veighdickson, qliunesa, howardrroman, klarawooten, alexandercrawfor, kaidanmercer, l3n4millar, beverleygilliam, aneurinharet, juliacarthy, maghusghazi, carltonimuno, cohenromart, zenatbiruck, sylviadonelly, oliviaderjaro, halogaland, ashleynecgra, tianahoyt, halerenwert, iviangardine, lolalgan, tammyschwart, auonar, tanishacneil, rosecolem, ridieswift, tebstevens, rafaeltapia, joeboyl, natashawebib, bradcallahan, duardcileg, bakarsolis, kaelanpetier, karinatodd, roberruc, brantonpurig, reochamb, eliasconnelly, uhaybopela, ziyaneedham, jesusguthri, serungmirahh, lilahbartony, udreytiyson, chiloepoole, bruc34augh, arch3rmilers, jayyccampbell, odupkuk, tikherchek, brookrichart, danterasmus, freshdestwu, allyjearne, gelashviliche, synisneth, ernestcampos, thaezabard, lohrlahina, carsotlind, emmagerey, melchorcanlas, humairaaveg, weaveralicia, zaynferguson, pruittnancy, tiamhelmlen, lettemicholl, rayopetersen, corelavar, roybertlacy, phislenney, jaderosha, nikhilmcormick, rickehurst, aniyapitet, iceojampa, nosebobb, landquigley, sonnyseymou, biepoort, walleranax, hugrezmurdo, vanesavelez, yeathauz, imperialspring, saiahdave, leannestark, kiugruunz, dafyddtalbo, shaynichols, hamadwhittington, leenacarve, skylareveret, lymanshneider, ostinhofran, luthertaylor, rickiephilip, naziapilan, mackorowland, carlavaldem, robertasong, bartramian, ethatrflie, annaterobert, nawalsnings, urveerburro, benjamingriffin, waldtocwens, waralariax, edangeraly, allennrbell, roscirtenor, marnieterr, werddunes, nataliacoraj, franesbailey, iantinglis, riannarodrigu, zanderturnb, ayrtonchen, ahrahderock, rianagudelo, joelodom, okayuriana, aa23connor, blakenicolson, ominasteven, dharesrith, miliancohen, teodoroborre, antakutargse, alissiaselers, charvielletx, marcuzxields, hajraenglan, haseebwel, bobbielace, yatitentry, naziahammo, feninferre, vursessor, bertafreeman, marissapark, antonmckenzie, levineapril, choixhettaun, jaydnfraser, amritsamue, luciodavid, surajwormald, luciantomlinson, lianawallac, evangelineba, sahibbowler, rinomelmet, rossmcintyre, auokulustaoir, tyriquecal, clayoakley, sethgalher, uisekavana, lucamacleod, juliamassey, teuszwarren, nishacain, glysevami, alissamarkutr, milredsetokes, hayaansouth, bircharsehr, miaijavlaer, fionncorrea, lanijmooney, jamieweritt, sohirleads, kathlenrellin, narovelti, halfdansio, liyaparrish, brasdcant, alimahviyrne, arnarodger, fizaballard, teresagonza, brodiemackenzie, anenefoley, roganthornet, vexiegregory, salankaur, agordn, randybrandit, amarchristensen, guvilrelkx, taniabeltran, leewwnolan, sethycook, sushilpalomo, helleywalla, nathaliaxuet, armorngreen, sophiebolto, jayganza, amandawolton, seemmunoz, consiadath, branandrate, zoerholloway, sashacrossley, janisrogerer, m4rkmcmah, tonyfulton, amberburch, inocente, reyarankin, farihavilla, sethcortez, guthrispaul, kholtaokne, gettefinley, bayleybrige, ariestorab, rolscacs, kaylumifarrow, elizablevin, velmapenning, natalyafrank, vumfixxa, doloresinnek, ednariosty, neriahseller, kyronhbattle, berthasloa, graysonchalmers, korjavarroll, qyrtilas, elenacohe, lucianrivers, josevillega, theiayang, jolenebooks, coconarin, mehakvinson, dhiobaal, imrosepierc, tammycalsh, bradleighwhit, tubisaamaa, krowaruto, pachecooliver, sandratod, kobieperalta, castrodell, tinviellet, elldsewhill, inniewoote, huntingfields, anisahowler, merinhendrick, aledybowman, aibahcarter, jakub4irns, varanvorrar, stanmarriot, taylareill, miyahhorok, akashrooke, jeevandevan, syeldonlozano, roseberge, reemajohnson, merrynclark, marahguerra, eviegrace, dawsonpaye, asndyali, nhaurpagrukle, riscillahristi, ronwengraha, deborahwillia, rodmafindir, raiggins, enniswoodco, joeyhutchison, randallibar, fejurun, sadiereid, killyhitmor, conorlarah, levintblevin, elirtnoble, williebryant, julienabraham, joycetreino, robinsxcsinclair, kaitlanbuxton, olafcohmid, jayneramir, nooerduff, kiyatanschol, fletchermckenzie, bakyinnerlum, hannacedele, opteryx, rooseveltburris, rufeytenily, uvaantodge, raylahdankin, nathanaelhess, willispoble, plorgrimenc, terraspirus, devonibarton, onbandorald, zainesherma, droidde, njordfranke, ethan23wis, vreenmathew, acesawlyer, slaosauthi, jacebarrera, samiraivor, meliahamilto, tebeymayo, coreyzahenr, edierooney, zakaryeedham, abilahcoomb, rennarosa, aylahdanie, bibahelake, h4rrisbyle, dominickdorno, zaransyxi, adyanarmitag, ramonpoboa, maddoxberow, maermajor, adilynbaldame, oliverwebite, chokhursan, jondsereen, caldepodan, juliannevang, noushkarooney, niyahvasqu, betonicifolia, rissanpaslee, letinyaco, maximmill, allanellirt, matthewstokes, edgarwilkes, axelmaviat, sachmani, zellarahi, robinygeorge, saqibbolton, flyn8ldson, fyserrahne, fuakiessou, elhezman, laurahasting, vhesynorex, rheeslie, maretliyane, paulinebradf, stephenkerrane, juliadavison, samerhoover, evbertener, chelanesa, kadiefarle, sandloekr, leonehouse, aleenachany, telmmaksec, pizaansteel, cindyuaustin, gusoneill, kallummcnal, clydemnholt, sayadsouthe, williamrehite, cryptottech, wiktorgreev, filipsmith, mavicallah, stru4nyoung, tomimcgrat, shortcroft, lleliangoil, seannaveal, jagodawhite, ilishhuert, atavromerash, fredeliferu, eximiusa, eshanbrooke, alissiahuyn, lorenafreeman, kailancastane, al3sxihan, hilaryrinley, annefrase, kieranswney, louisehuller, gwionstanley, aalfelroina, josefaramble, bieitocisto, maregrobins, beardlovers, marianabair, patrycjarega, caremokeke, kevindavies, lynchtavu, mascorcotte, desemondnixon, donnerandall, dalesmall, shonanorth, giotrhuu, carethnelor, lylelogan, brodyyyhouston, nuladerady, miyaavila, rhelnilan, dhysarrah, adrttodd, annahgray, sheltarish, zaynemoris, max4lair, reemaportill, wiulthon, francinearsons, dukyasbi, harrycochrane, alfiecampbell, alaradean, jaxs5ffra, carrybanks, ynisrayax, nedydonovle, amberwesit, naylaemerso, tagor, galeztortis, dervendekate, reethurinras, pewilseren, rametilkin, cattysets, baharphoebe, chencsedi, jaxsonweb, janeholm, thasreida, pupertxodd, elliotdecker, sansonsun, nykomi, ediedonnell, abelinmakiadi, krishbender, christodoulds, rizonaforu, lluullotrau, edw4rdllttle, sstheghhe, amanipeck, boncimeong, lestynpayne, edngardin, julietmackenz, annederaw, tashacassid, beatrixgibb, edwinblai, nilsvotdeid, faithtorry, wootenlucio, avanreynol, giantgolemm, baurniub, keirenmurill, virginiawalte, serenaholt, kylacottrell, norahgalloway, branreid, laceymayla, stevievance, cadekenny, tadiohoosain, afeesapace, shanepole, joyestuar, herrywagne, tiannawalle, chesterhai, sanjayopra, niallshields, maiyashepar, sernamed, liasmgra, palmiraheloisa, zavierhaas, neryketesi, kaimakanaki, relothorn, esnnaforma, nabelletanley, reggiefleming, uzaifachamber, rossfrye, deenaguirre, juampunus, hejmalls, jeevanyoun, diolphora, kaymuno, gravesester, cerhyasczuccel, mainayne, verityedge, rileyfeinley, natanielmos, ridanvorfor, elysebuckner, kiyalutler, occidentals, noramatews, adleighfind, jaskaranierra, carcrosmax, savannacha, bricemason, nellysadler, eriahnodom, qurratst, halemahenry, abacindoddr, mistycrote, emileemcbri, codyeprice, vannibuckne, calvercalver, froitosoy, mersehr, findlayfleming, ericlewiseric, rodakkebrish, ryanhube, damonmagana, zachariahkoch, lomiejompto, ariyaliyon, andrewreilly, zaydenrangelo, begrohqua, veylaharret, maddietanne, elyastang, ivorpotter, penelopemcdan, vickiebates, karlhandley, marhaarlaa, janacowan, miahmoran, deldoskvharkim, beornuthe, sylvialowe, vajzathone, terrelilnola, arwyinwern, siennmurd, erchiecneil, landongates, tr3zgale, leroyjoan, dunstanalici, waqarknights, minahilnava, leahdonald, reodarnold, maisiewilcox, aherinederri, brianbases, danvirrood, kirstintarit, exidiobare, tylerscott, cruzbattle, fahimrotet, stipodcloudstar, fruticansas, randicopelan, nielsendionne, fanniemecdo, barishaekrax, ayaangfgallacher, leceacas, brodymayert, connercardena, nesmeebloom, aqiavizna, holderelaine, reddyeramm, cambragron, dionillawe, rubennays, mjovadalr, deamontgomery, bresilius, isongallego, deanestelle, ebengote, gumriami, jonahboned, arkcmilan, santizobruno, milliewalsh, joannemann, namerterse, fredmcartn, ervakaufman, miltonrodrip, normanbarin, oscarlandry, finnleyollir, luellamays, t3ddydavidson, theiamiles, riellevughe, nistradri, jessidgan, ritpalsumne, gilaanix, rubynobinson, raldinebarrer, melinekimef, josewclarke, gladystephe, kulxbrak, louishunter, mdshannon, owaisspears, aminacorriga, ayyanhoove, efstathion, seveltferos, klairfebo, caraldomaas, annavalentin, georgiebost, aryavillarre, kieraaledre, brancotali, assworname, reec3mcewan, cameronwiles, josietalston, efanogreig, grimkimchael, kromaweyn, ulivertenry, deweyuzman, vavahiitra, euanfrye, kadenwinters, adelaidealsock, rosengosod, derrencarroll, agdalenavasque, ruficauds, meraldhodge, tracyweber, romasjolfe, ravenabowm, jontymcipher, emundrivers, arusonas, rosebrewer, frasermclarensqe, yokharlou, reececooper, irinyxih, xoannecarrs, staunundruh, tuvreerirlum, sahilerickson, tataabaks, veretones, pariscline, ohamedwats, rolanusigesun, monechamb, ambertravers, isabellpark, reneegarza, eraslumy, lemarwickes, gionlialrielshe, samiyasheeh, ariffisher, aminahpatto, sallienolan, naomiforbes, rencebrie, tashanwiley, leonapowel, malakoneil, loispazos, eurydikest, wolushoussouj, jasmiivaad, rukaszorde, lilianhodge, auroraodome, bradyjoanne, arvismall, neymardelcore, tracikhavez, liannesewif, daisyaewormal, shaydeme, heitorbac, gionrarture, nicoblandr, anaclau, totremcgan, riarseath, amarosanti, ralphyinash, gridknowlet, annickcasper, coltonwarnel, ismaelsoliset, osiahwhitwor, alecfitzpatr, sthreiz, zakoknapp, bhhvurd, elizabetholmanel, cerlorvarlad, cellyaveret, asahodgs, voishiahlez, tulisabooteh, qorealis, anikaybarton, kaliyavives, alistson, eagraunz, martynmejia, maubreath, mikaeldonnell, ewan5nico, crocorthz, lolaatkin, romeorasha, eoghangarz, zeneedown, deighawat, vihaanwarren, codynorton, joyerperry, triteggeath, junoclemen, camtytdry, grantodumb, pruddux, elaxchavez, edmonpeggy, nancyfroset, daviddillo, shoaibwalter, sorshovaarnua, dutaambenua, groveroakle, saltereoge, rosalenlopez, kathywelch, zalthozie, nariariojas, uunnoikhio, delacronsi, fnjoskadalr, bennycoleman, leiawhitehe, karayrecross, endlineprobe, oscadrades, robelisert, antonycontreras, rosercraig, snehaschnei, dadacgrefu, varrrianrandir, arturdavenpo, judyellioti, fyrelielle, evanmills, callumsanthogg, zoeyxble, elisersonrt, desreseduce, khrudoeps, vivianeste, ontaguepooner, clodiobarra, deryebradley, ml3nnelson, theajohnstone, arjoriekar, phriuhirnuus, zaahaott, maisiegibb, holeneramos, cobrashsyraks, hassanwang, rimaknapp, aralyno, asmeensulliva, jibrilhenders, ristinaleo, asresbarry, garwinenanf, renaepower, sinabenson, rachelkinse, liliadesondra, boydemaguire, terryconno, larythisat, uvviepastor, s4mwhis0n, annievaughn, fucernas, aydinoconne, yeakaon, kalistosales, joshuherrera, knarrarnes, angelinadurha, carmelgrayl, miraradshaw, eadiuw, herecagehol, ariaaarson, bicolesqui, dionissiadrak, nuharsharpe, jackrolmes, amukrahdra, caitlinstant, ingjaldssandr, dertelyert, righthumandr, alfi3t0oson, anthonyallison, corsicared, noixiomlaz, gurdeeprodri, dallahadden, euteushsegi, longesrodela, hanaypatel, pipermetcalf, beatrizheirk, patrykrose, kittyamos, khadijagilber, caelanslittl, lazzopio, menadhusain, krishaaser, reggiccann, mosheberry, srekothed, jaxxalbert, raheemoyce, troganreho, tannfgjames, ciriacotris, uentinkobbin, oliwiahuber, lluunsial, huxleyekemp, atonziran, sophtrong, kristitoyler, sohaibilmo, vindermilley, pablofuente, marabeowes, maxinerutled, kokami, ramifriedma, teraroiz, xoirsou, tarersteumer, hilariabasquez, ertrudeknot, tobybarclay, umioxazon, cinarkorbet, j4xjone, joseporoth, kaylmurray, beldingish, kianabeloom, rissaparce, dylanroone, alvarcastruit, nawaljoyne, candicehanin, shanistonlu, callummacrory, athenamansell, donnasingih, arleysamuel, phagruua, atheldelva, tonyhppark, elviraram, iylaswene, noiaflarn, abdullahreed, ahminathorp, cadecorrea, rahulstout, esterornea, taliyhleblan, arnabyarci, cruzbruce, bernaldolema, lastomsuy, restroanre, beratallen, zibbacurran, miyatgriffi, hunaarmaary, donzikdash, bayleymellor, ge0rgemcintyre, olivhxhiins, olly3vans,