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#### <center>Workability of Fresh Concrete | Through the Use of Slump Cone Methods</center>
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http://iltest.com/anasayfa/wp-content/uploads/bfi_thumb/137-n8ddf4bkli49zv0muk32a4n3ads4ylxzqyisqzucgk.jpg

###### <center>[Image Source](http://iltest.com/anasayfa/wp-content/uploads/bfi_thumb/137-n8ddf4bkli49zv0muk32a4n3ads4ylxzqyisqzucgk.jpg)</center>

> <div class="text-justify">William Aspdin is regarded as the inventor of "modern" Portland cement due to his developments in the 1840s. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Monier. In 1889 the first concrete reinforced bridge was built, and the first large concrete dams were built in 1936, Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam.</div>



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<div class="text-justify">We all noticed how widely concrete is being used today, although small-scale use of this has been recorded or rather documented thousands years ago. According to history Nabataean traders used concrete-like materials as early as 6500 B.C. (Before Christ) , whom occupied oases (series of it) and developed a little empire inside the regions of northern Jordan & southern Syria. That are some some rough information about concrete even people who are not practicing civil engineering or any profession related to concrete will notice how concrete technology advanced through the years. As a civil engineer I am fascinated on anything about concrete, how it is discovered, what are the necessary steps or methods for it to have more compressive strength, are there any materials or newly discovered admixtures to it, what are the different kinds of test to measure its workability. And with that I am going to share some useful information which will determine the consistency of concrete for a certain nominal maximum aggregate size which does not exceed 38 millimeter that will undergone through "slump test apparatus".</div>

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#### OBJECT
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<div class="text-justify">This method specifies the adopted procedure, whatever the case maybe inside a laboratory or even at the field. This is done so that we can determine the consistency of concrete using the slump test method.</div>

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#### REFERENCE STANDARDS

<center>http://sketchup3dconstruction.com/const/images/list-of-is-codes-for-cement-and-concrete.jpg</center>
###### <center>[Image Source](http://sketchup3dconstruction.com/const/images/list-of-is-codes-for-cement-and-concrete.jpg)</center>
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> <div class="text-justify">A list of these codes can come in handy not only for them but also for construction-newbies, students, etc. The list provided below may not be a comprehensive one, yet it definitely includes some IS codes quite frequently used (while a few of them occasionally) by construction engineers.</div>


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<div class="text-justify">For this test we used the IS : 1199 - 1959 | Method of sampling & analysis of concrete. Although I am a Filipino, I will try to use different standards so that we can try to compare the difference or discrepancy of different standards which I think will be helpful on measuring the consistency of a concrete mixture. Actually there are quite large numbers available of IS codes or to be more clear it means Indian Standard codes, this are meant to be used in every aspect of civil engineering field. Civil engineers like me will benefit a lot from codes like this one, there are normally only a handful we use because it depends on the nature we are engaged in. The reason why is it because civil engineering field covers a wide variety of subjects or expertise. Just like I mentioned earlier there are a lot of codes to use but for now we're going to stick to Indian Codes to be specific in this test the IS : 1199 - 1959 | Method of sampling & analysis of concrete.</div>

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#### PROCEDURE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPUELiZaTSI
###### <center>[Video Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPUELiZaTSI)</center>

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- Step 1. Make sure that the internal part or surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned using grease or oil and freed from unnecessary moisture before executing the test.
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- Step 2. Do meticulous on checking the level of where you’re going to place the mould, and it should be smooth, rigid and a non-absorbent surface like a plate.
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- Step 3. The mould should be filled in four layers by concrete, and each of it is approximately one-fourth of the total height of the mould with 25 strokes tamped by the tamping rod with a diameter of 16 millimeter and length of 600 millimeter.
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- Step 4. The concrete is then struck-off level using a trowel & which is then cleaned away if there are any mortar leaked-out between the base plate and the mould.
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- Step 5. Be cautious in removing the mould from the concrete by carefully raising it slowly in a vertical direction manner.
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#### CONCLUSION ( Calculation , Report , Safety & Precautions )[image source](https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51xIcAwVDnL.jpg)

<div class="pull-right">https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51xIcAwVDnL.jpg</div>
<div class="text-justify">By measuring the difference from the highest point of the specimen and of the mould's height the slump can be determined immediately. In other words we have now a reliable basis of the consistency of a concrete which will help us to be confident on building or constructing our structures or even projects. The slump should be measured and be reported  in millimeters or mm in short. In the process of doing this test we should take precautionary measures and make sure to wear hand gloves and shoes, be sure to clean the equipment before and after using it, wear aprons and goggles as well during testing, be cautious on if the apparatus is free from vibration during the process and lastly make sure that you applied petroleum jelly on the mould.</div>

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<div class="text-justify">Concrete is really not a simple thing to deal with, it takes time, consideration and precautionary measures to study it. Many lives are depending on the strength it brings not only in our homes but in construction industry generally. Because if the mixture of concrete could'nt attained enough strength then it will cause many lives as we all know we are surrounded by structures made of concrete, wherever we go because it is widely used right. That is all thanks for the time reading my blog, hope you learn something from it and be sure to share it not only to fellow civil engineers but to everyone too. Until next time.</div>

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###### Reference/Sources : [civilblog.org](http://civilblog.org/2013/05/09/workability-of-fresh-concrete-using-slump-cone-methos-is1199-1959/)
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