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Space probes on satellites of Saturn and Mars found water, on the surface of the nucleus of the comet Tempel - ice. The composition of the bulk of the gas-dust substance of the planets and other cosmic bodies is represented by the molecules H2, H2O, CO2, MH3, CH4. Thus, there is reason to believe that some early stages in the origin of life could be traversed not in the Earth, but in a protoplanetary cloud or other celestial bodies.
In 2014, the space probe Philae, sent to Earth data on the analysis of samples taken from the comet 67P, which confirmed that the comet contains organic molecules. It was found out that the molecules found were constructed on the basis of carbon. The received positive answer to the question of the possibility of the existence of organic substances on comets adds additional evidence in support of the assumption that the ingredients necessary for the onset of life on Earth could be brought in by comets.
It is not yet clear whether the organic molecules found on the comet are simple, such as methane or methanol, or more complex, like amino acids, which are an integral part of living matter. However, even now one can say that several different types of organic compounds have been found. In the gas shell of the comet with the help of remote analysis, carbon dioxide, traces of formaldehyde, methane, methanol and ammonia were found.
In addition, in solid samples from the core depth at the site of the landing, the Philae probe determined the presence on the comet of large amounts of ice under a layer of cosmic dust. The water found on the comet 67P contains three times more deuterium than the ocean water that is on Earth. This fact leads to the assumption that water that could appear on Earth due to collisions with other cosmic bodies could be brought not by comets, but rather by asteroids, although this issue requires further study.
Hydrocarbons were previously found on asteroids, on Mars, and on other comets, so it is not surprising that the Philae probe found traces of organic substances on the comet 67P. However, the results obtained by this probe are especially important because it is the first spacecraft to land on the comet's surface. It should be noted on the comet 67P in significant quantities were found carbon dioxide and water from which the formation of organic substances is possible. For photosynthesis of amino acids and nucleic bases, irradiation with ultraviolet light with a wavelength of <280 nm at> 8О0 С, and also the presence of metal ions is effective. Such conditions fully correspond to the conditions of the early Earth, it is possible that similar conditions can also be formed on other cosmic bodies. So, on Mars, the robotic rover Curiosity found chloromethane, formate and other organic substances.
Thus, as a result of studying comets and planets, in particular, Mars, convincing evidence has been obtained of the formation of organic substances, which are the basis of life, from purely inorganic components under the action of the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, not only on a planetary scale, but also on a cosmic scale. This allows us to come to a fundamentally new concept of the emergence of life in the universe, based on the presence in space of molecules of water, carbon dioxide and an external source of energy in the form of cosmic radiation.